{"id":57540,"date":"2020-03-06T21:56:00","date_gmt":"2020-03-07T02:56:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2024-11-25T15:00:00","modified_gmt":"2024-11-25T20:00:00","slug":"the-fruits-of-her-labour","status":"publish","type":"rbc_my_money_matter","link":"https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/my-money-matters\/life-events\/finances-and-relationships\/women-money-management\/the-fruits-of-her-labour\/","title":{"rendered":"The Fruits of Her Labour"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-single-article-header\">\n\t<section class=\"section-grey cover pad-t-hlf\">\n\t\t<div class=\"section-inner w-half w-mob-full centered-margin cover section-grey pad-tb-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"inline-block pill-container pill-taxonomies\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"mar-b-hlf mob-mar-b snipe pill is-style-blue-pill\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"primary-taxonomy\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/my-money-matters\/topic\/ideas-and-insights\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Ideas and Insights<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"mar-b-hlf mar-t-0 mob-pad-lr-hlf h2 has-black-color\">The Fruits of Her Labour<\/h1><p class=\"mar-b-0 mob-pad-lr-hlf author-text\">By RBC Economics<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"featured-image-wrapper pos-rel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"930\" height=\"620\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2023\/09\/3134349-Thumbnail-default.jpg?quality=80\" class=\" cover-image  wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2023\/09\/3134349-Thumbnail-default.jpg 930w, https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2023\/09\/3134349-Thumbnail-default.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2023\/09\/3134349-Thumbnail-default.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\t<div class=\"article mar-t-dbl\">\n\t\t\t\t<section>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"section-inner socials-section\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"top-socials-bar mob-mar-b-hlf\">    <div class=\"social-links mob-mar-b-hlf mob-mar-t-hlf\">\n            <a class=\"social-button-wrapper sharing-custom sharing-email\" href=\"mailto:?subject=The Fruits of Her Labour &#038;body=Hi, I thought you might be interested in this article from RBC My Money Matters: https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/my-money-matters\/life-events\/finances-and-relationships\/women-money-management\/the-fruits-of-her-labour\/\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/plugins\/rbc-blocks\/assets\/img\/icons\/icon-email.svg\"\n          alt=\"envelope icon\">\n        <span>\n          Email        <\/span>\n      <\/a>\n      <div class=\"social-button-wrapper sharing-copy-wrapper\">\n        <button class=\"sharing-custom sharing-copy\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/my-money-matters\/life-events\/finances-and-relationships\/women-money-management\/the-fruits-of-her-labour\/\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/plugins\/rbc-blocks\/assets\/img\/icons\/icon-related.svg\"\n            alt=\"copy icon\">\n          <span id=\"sharing-copyUrl-Label\">\n            Copy URL          <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n        <input type=\"text\" class=\"sharing-copy-text\" aria-labelledby=\"sharing-copyUrl-Label\">\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"section-inner w-half w-mob-full centered-margin pad-tb-0 mob-mar-t-hlf mob-mar-b\">\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"cover-pub-line text-xs mar-b-hlf\">Published March 6, 2020 \u2022 6 Min Read<\/p>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block  pos-rel\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block  section-inner w-half w-mob-full\" style=\"border-radius:0x\">\n<p>The theme of this year&#8217;s International Women&#8217;s Day (IWD), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.internationalwomensday.com\/Theme\" target=\"\u201d_blank\u201d\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">#EachforEqual<\/a>, calls on each of us to do our part to create a more gender-equal world. Canada can point to a dramatic increase in women&#8217;s participation in the labour market over the past four decades as creating the conditions in which economic equality is finally in sight. Women are a force in the labour market like never before, giving them a new financial independence that&#8217;s serving them well during their earning years and into retirement. A recent RBC\/IPSOS survey said 70% of women over the age of 45 are looking forward to a comfortable retirement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In our <a href=\"https:\/\/thoughtleadership.rbc.com\/why-women-are-ready-for-work-in-the-automated-future\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-dig-id=\"TNL_024\" data-dig-category=\"TNL Human Capital\" data-dig-action=\"mid-funnel click\" data-dig-label=\"advantage women article dl-203982\">previous IWD reports<\/a>, we focused on the gaps that women face, in terms of pay or because they take a hit to earnings when they have a baby. While these gaps persist, this year we&#8217;ve chosen to highlight the financial gains Canadian women have made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><b>They include:<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-rbc-list default is-style-blue-disc\">\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p class=\"is-style-default default\">Women earn 42% of total Canadian household income, up from 25% in 1976<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Those income gains mean Canadian women collectively control $240 billion more each year than if their income share hadn&#8217;t increased<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Growth in women&#8217;s retirement savings prevented more than 1 million senior women from falling into poverty<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Working-age women boast a collective net worth of $3.4 trillion, 46% of the Canadian total<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Women&#8217;s economic clout helps drive the consumer economy; they make the majority of household purchases, including food, necessities and healthcare. More surprisingly, single working women now boast larger private pension assets than their male counterparts, reflecting their strong presence in sectors where defined-benefit pensions are more prevalent. Women are also a growing force in the housing market and in charitable giving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Closing in on Half of the Income Pie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Two important factors behind women&#8217;s increased share of total income are an increase in their labour-force participation rate, and the move from jobs to careers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-PSER6nS6\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>Since 1976, the participation rate of prime-age women (age 25-54) has increased from 51% to 83%. For older women (age 55+), the increase has been even more dramatic, nearly doubling from 17% to 32%. While women continue to face <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rbc.com\/economics\/economic-reports\/pdf\/other-reports\/FamilyMatters.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-dig-id=\"TNL_025\" data-dig-category=\"TNL Economics\" data-dig-action=\"mid-funnel click\" data-dig-label=\"family matters pdf\">higher career costs for having children<\/a>, their stronger and longer attachment to the workforce (relative to the 1970s) has helped even out their share of the income pie over time. This has happened in spite of the persistence of a wage gap that sees them earn just 88 cents for each dollar a man earns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-DcWsrhAQ\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1976, women&#8217;s earnings accounted for 25% of the total income earned in the economy. Today, it&#8217;s 42%, underscoring the massive rebalancing of earnings of men and women. The extra share of total income amounts to $240 billion more for Canadian women, each year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From Jobs to Careers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Women aren&#8217;t only holding down more jobs; they&#8217;re occupying different jobs, largely because of education. In 1991, 15% of women had a university certificate, diploma or degree. It&#8217;s now 35%. Over the same period, men only increased their educational attainment from 19% to 30%. Relative to 30 years ago, women are also much more likely to be managers or in professional occupations that usually require a university degree such as physicians, secondary school teachers, or lawyers.<br>The shift to careers\u2014higher-earning positions with longer tenures\u2014has paid significant financial dividends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-1iUUy-xL\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Accumulating Wealth<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Women between the ages of 18 and 64 now control a net-worth of about $3.4 trillion today. That&#8217;s 46% of the Canadian total for the working age population, according to data from Statistics Canada. Single women without children outpace single men without children, with a net worth of $250,000 vs $230,000 for men. Another notable development has been the rise in net worth of single mothers from an average $89,000 in 1999 to $240,000 (in 2016 constant dollars) in 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-kIHgY9Iq\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>Part of these gains reflect women accumulating their own workplace pensions\u2014savings pools that were less available to them when they were either in short-term low-paying jobs, or not working outside of the home. Increased access and improved maternity leave benefits, which in 2000 effectively increased total leave benefits from six months to one year, have helped link Canadian women more permanently to long-term employment relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, with women employed in record numbers in the social services, healthcare, and education\u2014professions that tend to also come with retirement plans\u2014they\u2019re building their own nest eggs. Two-thirds of women said they, and not their spouse or partner, were primarily responsible for their own retirement savings, according to the RBC Insurance\/IPSOS poll. Nearly 60% said they had a defined benefit pension or matching program at work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Deploying Wealth<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Home-ownership rates among women and men in Ontario, British Columbia and Nova Scotia are virtually equal. Single women with no children have a higher rate of home ownership than single males (40.2% versus 38.4%). However, a large gap still exists between the home ownership rates of single mothers relative to that of single fathers (38.2% versus 62.0%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Women are also increasingly responsible for paying rent, mortgages, taxes, and electricity bills within the household. In 1981, the share of women aged 25-64 identifying as the primary household maintainer was 9.3%. Today, nearly 25% of women identify that way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-nwyU3KoO\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>As women&#8217;s share of household income catches up to men&#8217;s, so too is women&#8217;s share of total household spending. Married women on average were responsible for 47% of household spending over the last two years, according to RBC internal data. Women spend more on average than males on groceries, health expenditures and at specialty retail and department stores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, women are sharing their newfound wealth. The percentage of charitable donors that are women has grown from 42% to 48% over the past 20 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-Hm1A08AK\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Golden Years are more Golden<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>A lifetime in the labour force has allowed women to tap into programs that are strongly tied to past employment. In 1976, women\u2019s income from CPP\/QPP came to half of what men earned from those retirement plans. Today, their share of CPP\/QPP earnings is almost the equal to men\u2019s. When we include all retirement income (both private and public), women went from earning 40% of what men did to 80% today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-mtm59Cil\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>As a result, the fraction of women seniors who live alone and are considered low income has fallen dramatically. In 1985, 42% of elderly women living alone were considered low income, compared with 29% of elderly men living alone. Today, this gap has essentially closed, meaning there are 1.1 million fewer elderly women living in poverty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-ezWCVZjD\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>Their improved financial security couldn&#8217;t have come at a better time. The proportion of women aged 65 and over has increased rapidly since the 1970s, doubling from under 5% of the population in 1971 to nearly 10% today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By 2030, one in eight people in Canada will be a woman over the age of 65. Thanks to their workplace gains, women are now more than ever in a position to enjoy the fruits of their labour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>This report was authored by Vice President &amp; Deputy Chief Economist, Dawn Desjardins, Senior Economist, Andrew Agopsowicz, and Economist, Carrie Freestone.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block section-cool-white pos-rel has-f-5-f-8-f-9-background-color has-background\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block inner-section-white section-inner  pad-b-hlf has-fff-background-color has-background\" style=\"border-radius:0x\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-block-inner-block block-inner\">\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block  pos-rel pad-t-0 pad-b-0\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block  section-inner border pad-b-0 pad-t-0\" style=\"border-radius:0x\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns mar-b-0 is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large mar-t-qtr mar-b-qtr\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"173\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2023\/09\/download-iwd-report-10.jpg?w=260\" alt=\"download-iwd-report\" class=\"wp-image-63032\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading mar-l-hlf mar-t-qtr\">Download the Report<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons mar-b-qtr is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\"><div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-button btn before is-style-tertiary tertiary mar-l-hlf\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/alexander.romanowsky\/blog\/4076293-International-Womens-Day-2024-We-are-women-hear-us-roar\" data-dig-id=\"LP-57540-ef451580\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"button click\" data-dig-label=\"Download-https:\/\/ca.rbcwealthmanagement.com\/alexander.romanowsky\/blog\/4076293-International-Womens-Day-2024-We-are-women-hear-us-roar \">Download<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-default-collapsible\"><p><button class=\"collapse-toggle collapsed\" data-target=\"#collapse834a1009\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse834a1009\" data-dig-id=\"LP-57738-834a1009\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"accordion closed\" action-closed=\"accordion closed\" action-opened=\"accordion open\" data-dig-label=\"Things our lawyers want you to know\"><span>Things our lawyers want you to know<\/span><span>Things our lawyers want you to know<\/span><\/button><\/p><div class=\"collapse-content collapse\" id=\"collapse834a1009\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-collapsible-inner-block collapse-inner\">\n<p>This article is intended as general information only and is not to be relied upon as constituting legal, financial or other professional advice. A professional advisor should be consulted regarding your specific situation. Information presented is believed to be factual and up-to-date but we do not guarantee its accuracy and it should not be regarded as a complete analysis of the subjects discussed. All expressions of opinion reflect the judgment of the authors as of the date of publication and are subject to change. No endorsement of any third parties or their advice, opinions, information, products or services is expressly given or implied by Royal Bank of Canada or any of its affiliates.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"wp-block-tk-spacer id-1e19b297-2131-4748-b774-39b2ad1d2c6c\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n\t\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center h5 mar-b\"><strong>Share This Article<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\t\t<div class=\"socials-block\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"social-links mob-mar-b-hlf mob-mar-t-hlf\">\n            <a class=\"social-button-wrapper sharing-custom sharing-email\" href=\"mailto:?subject=The Fruits of Her Labour &#038;body=Hi, I thought you might be interested in this article from RBC My Money Matters: https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/my-money-matters\/life-events\/finances-and-relationships\/women-money-management\/the-fruits-of-her-labour\/\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" 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id-d98a823e-4f1a-4031-a634-497cd3ceebc8\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-single-post-topics related-topics-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"h5 mar-r-hlf\">Topics:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/my-money-matters\/topic\/career-planning-development\/\" class=\"btn topic mar-t-0 mar-r-qtr mar-b-hlf\">Career Planning &amp; Development<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/my-money-matters\/topic\/ideas-and-insights\/\" class=\"btn topic mar-t-0 mar-r-qtr mar-b-hlf\">Ideas and Insights<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbcroyalbank.com\/en-ca\/my-money-matters\/topic\/savings\/\" class=\"btn topic mar-t-0 mar-r-qtr mar-b-hlf\">Savings<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block  pos-rel mob-pad-t-dbl\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block  section-inner\" 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class=\"advgb-styles-renderer\">\n\t\t.wp-block-tk-spacer.id-1e19b297-2131-4748-b774-39b2ad1d2c6c {\n\t\theight: 96px;\n\t}\n\n\t@media ( max-width: 480px ) {\n\t\t.wp-block-tk-spacer.id-1e19b297-2131-4748-b774-39b2ad1d2c6c {\n\t\t\theight: 30px;\n\t\t}\n\t}\t\n\t\t.wp-block-tk-spacer.id-d98a823e-4f1a-4031-a634-497cd3ceebc8 {\n\t\theight: 60px;\n\t}\n\n\t@media ( max-width: 480px ) {\n\t\t.wp-block-tk-spacer.id-d98a823e-4f1a-4031-a634-497cd3ceebc8 {\n\t\t\theight: 30px;\n\t\t}\n\t}\t<\/style>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A new RBC Economics report finds that women are a force in the labour market and have experienced  financial gains like never before.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":80,"featured_media":53740,"parent":90474,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[78,76,48],"rbc_content_type":[31],"rbc_audience":[],"rbc_lob_group":[35],"rbc_difficulty_level":[33],"rbc_mmm_category":[322,377,315,349,303,314,304,312,576],"class_list":["post-57540","rbc_my_money_matter","type-rbc_my_money_matter","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-career-planning-development","tag-ideas-and-insights","tag-savings","rbc_content_type-article","rbc_lob_group-business","rbc_difficulty_level-beginner","rbc_mmm_category-economics-101","rbc_mmm_category-economics-for-beginners","rbc_mmm_category-finances-and-relationships","rbc_mmm_category-finding-a-job","rbc_mmm_category-goals-aspirations","rbc_mmm_category-life-events","rbc_mmm_category-money-academy","rbc_mmm_category-school-and-career","rbc_mmm_category-women-money-management"],"acf":{"contently_publication_id":"","custom_author":"RBC Economics","rbc_video_header":"","rbc_media_duration":"","rbc_toc_for_mmm_tag":"h2","rbc_toc_for_mmm_limit":6,"rbc_toc_for_mmm":null,"rbc_toc_for_mmm_action":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn more about women&#039;s participation in the labour market over the past four decades as creating the conditions in which economic equality is finally in sight. 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